New Research And Development Group - 1311 Words

The new research and development group, LSDG, of HACKD, LLC, will be migrating all Windows XP machines to a Red Hat Enterprise 5 Linux distribution to optimize performance and user capability. As described perfectly by Karen Schwartz there are many reasons to switch â€Å"The reasons are compelling: greater stability and reliability, lower cost, access to application source code, greater security, and conformity with open standards† (Schwartz, 2004). The LSDG group will access and share resources with HACKD, LLC.’s Active Directory domain such as authentication, DNS, DHCP and file services to save on expenses and reduce the required footprint and administrative overhead. Hardware Requirements The current Windows XP machines within HACKD LLC. have the following hardware specifications: Intel Core 2 processor, 2GB RAM memory, 80GB hard drive, 10/100 Mbps network cards, 4 USB 2.0 USB ports, and 15 inch LCD monitors. In order to support the migration to a Red Hat Linux Distribution the system requirements as identified by the Red Hat Customer Service Portal (2015) Table 2.2 are: †¢ Criteria †¢ Requirements †¢ Operating System †¢ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 or 5 with the latest patches and upgrades †¢ CPU Type †¢ Pentium 4 or higher; 2 GHz or higher †¢ Memory/RAM †¢ 1 GB minimum, up to the system limit †¢ Hard Disk †¢ 4 GB minimum †¢ Other †¢ To run the Directory Server using port numbers less than 1024, such as the default port 389, you must setup and start the Directory Server asShow MoreRelatedA New Research And Development Group889 Words   |  4 PagesHACKD, LLC’s move to launch a new research and development group christened, CWE is a welcome move for the organization to streamline research operations, and to develop innovative products and services. 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While being research and development driven company, Merck now has to go beyond RD to stay competitive in the pharmaceutical industry. The main issue that seems to come up is that how far it can progress with the dual challenge of hitting peak annual financial performance while keeping the research pipeline full continued to weigh on senior management. Through the late 80s to early 90s, Merck was able to

The Progressive Movement Of The United States - 874 Words

The progressive movement was one of the greatest times in America’s history, not only was the progressive movement noble but also needed especially after the lasting effects of the Civil War. Although there were many problems still plaguing the United States the progressive movement provided some Americans with a sense of hope because of changes in politics. First of all, progressive Presidents like Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson would not necessarily fight for their own political parties, but would fight for the people, reduce the power of big businesses that exploited their employees and helped small businesses by introducing antitrust legislation. Women’s rights also became a huge issue during the progressive movement which would be solved by granting women more rights and even giving Americans the right to directly select senators. Basically the progressive movement was beneficial to America because it gave more Americans more opportunities, like being able to v ote, being able to make decent wages and small business to be able to compete. â€Å"There is hardly an office in any part of the country in which the business man has not been elected; yet politics remain corrupt† (Lincoln Steffens, 141). This is what journalist Lincoln Steffens had portrayed about politics in the United States, that businessmen ran the country and only cared about money and not the people. Although America has successful business practices, its ability for almost anyone to start their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Movement Of The United States982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Movement The rapid industrialization of United States in the late part of the 19th Century challenged the political, economic and judicial system in every possible way. 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The industrialization and subsequent labor reforms of the mid to late nineteenth century across the world helped to shape the United States and its entry into the modern world. Labor unions and the reforms they forced helped us to modernize and ethically improve

The Strategic Marketing Plan

Question: Essentially you are required to establish a marketing plan to increase the membership of the Chamber of Commerce for the target market you have focused on and given the situational analysis you have conducted in assignment 1. Answer: Overall Summary from assignment 1 The previous assignment was based on the marketing audit of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce that is working to bring the economic development in the regions of Toowoomba (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce is also trying to develop the strategies that could help in facilitating in increasing the previous and upcoming regional business and trade activities (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The organization main aim is to focus towards development of the economy, bring more investment and the business in order to encourage the main investment and sustainable business development (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It also focuses on conducting the tourism marketing in the regions of Toowoomba (Strategic Plan 2013). The organization also focuses on service membership and development of the community for initiating the programs and activities (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The mission of the company is to increase the level of knowledge along with training and performance (Strategic Plan 2013). The organization is highly impacted through the changes happening in the QLD government, and through the changes that are coming in the TRC relationship (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The organization is also impacted through the growth rate of the economy and the areas that are surrounding Toowoomba, as the economy has created challenges of unemployment, inflation rate, interest rates, labor cost, strengthening of Australian dollar and exchange rates (Strategic Plan 2013). In the previous report it was noted that Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce is uncompetitive, but there are other companies that lack in the financial resources and different services (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The target customers of the organization are the business associations and business niches along with small centers of business development, as they are aware about the local conditions of the regions (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Customers targeted by Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce are mainly concern about the increasing living cost, global and local economic news, as these are major issues (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Merchant associations are the key competitors of the organization (Strategic Plan 2013). The stakeholders of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce are MoU partners such as USQ, SQIT, media, CCIQ, TRC, and TSBE (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Marketing Objective Specific- Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce objective is to enhance the repeated customers by around 7% in per quarter (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Reduce the acquisition cost of customers by 8% each year and enhance the awareness about the offered services by 2% along with increase in unsolicited services (Keegan 2011). Financial objective of the company is to attain profitability by 3 years, maintain the growth, and reduce the cost of training and production (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Measurable-These objectives could be measured through strategy formulation and its proper implementation (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The organization can also take report of the regular work, in order to understand at what level the objectives are achieved (Keegan 2011). Achievable- These objectives are achievable, as the organization is involved in facilitating the services to different departments, so that Toowoomba region could be developed and this could enhance the tourism of the region (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Realistic- These goals are realistic, as the demands of customers are increasing towards the offered products and services of the company (Anderson 2011). Timely- Each task is assigned with the specific deadline. The deadline is assigned so that results could be achieved and if there is any loopholes it could be mitigated on time (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Marketing Mix Elements Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce marketing mix includes the following approaches such as distribution, pricing, promotion, advertising, and customer service (Anderson 2011). 1. Pricing- The pricing scheme relies over per project that is estimated and tailored to every customer (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). The Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce will be quite comparable with the competitors along with the value added features related to the immediate, convenience, and drive-thru services (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). 2. Distribution- Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce services could be performed all over the Toowoomba regional area that is determined through the requirements of the customers (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce departments promote various experiences to the customers (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). It is noted that the tourist attractions at Toowoomba provides various and beautifully decorated facilities that were surrounded through the wondrous aromas and explores the sensory experience through it, along with mask the average products with the premium cost (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). However, it is noted that the proliferation of the various tourist attractions tries to prove the market viability (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). The same is also duplicated through the similar process of delivery that presently existed in Australia (Anderson 2011). 3. Promotion and advertising- There are different types of promotion and advertising that could be used (Anderson 2011). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce tries to make use of their website, partnership and networking, along with organizing various tradeshows for promoting their services and products (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce is also involved in the advertising medium that could support in getting the word out about the business with the people of Kitchner Waterloo. Through the Notables Chamber members, the achievements of the organization are advertised for viewing the potential of the customers (Riddell 2009). The organization tries to give opportunities to the members of chamber to save up to $900 each year through taking the benefits of their programs based on member rewards (Riddell 2009). The Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also tries to communicate extensively with the chamber members through electronically, personally and through the help of the printed media (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also advertise in business today of the region, which is the daily electronic newsletter, and helps the members in keeping them updated with the information related to business world, business opportunities, products and services along with news of the tender (Baines and Fill 2014). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also use the gazette notices of the government that helps in highlighting the currently published government as well as provincial gazette notices that tries to distribute daily to all the interested members of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce (Baines and Fill 2014). The organization also focuses on events, which is the fortnight mailer, which helps the members by reminding them about all the upcoming events as well as functions, along with various networking opportunities, which are related with the company (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). The Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also promotes their services through their website, which is the comprehensive portal for collecting all the business services and information (Baines and Fill 2014). It also provides the national, local, as well as global exposure to all the members of the chamber (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Its consider as the best place for keeping companies profile along with the information of products and services that assist the organization in enhancing the internet and SEO relevance (Phillips 2002). 1. Customer Service- the Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce goes across the daily operations along with the belief that they could achieve the full satisfaction from the customers that is needed to make the successful business (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). All the organizational level is practiced by the company. In order to give best services to the customers, Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce tries to organize the seminars and workshops that are mainly offered for the purpose of sharing the information and for imparting the training to the business (Phillips 2002). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also help in networking and in building business contacts, for which they organize the speed networking services along with networking at breakfast that gives opportunities for the formal and informal networking among the business groups (Phillips 2002). There are around 300 opportunities given by the organization for networking to be undertaken each day. All these popular events are actually well attended and leads towards new business and ability to extend the indirect as well as direct network (Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13 2013). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce also focuses on conducting conferences and key events, for which they organize events like, enhancing business in Toowoomba regions, conference for resource efficiency, and breakfast budget speech (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Strategy It is noted that Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can be aggressively considered as the courting company that can easily win the future contracts. The company should try to provide the superior services that too at the low cost (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Through focusing over the particular services, Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can become more proficient and could easily perform their services in better way through the similar expertise level. Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can also try to enhance the visibility of the company by their website, or through the local commerce chambers networking or either participating in the trade shows (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The company can make the detailed website and could even offer the visitors in-depth data related to the services. Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can provide the corresponding quality level along with cost savings. Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can become active in local chambers in Toowoomba. In the last few years, it is realize that there is lot of business is transacted by the relationship that started by the company (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). This objective can be easily communicated through variant methods. The website can even include the detailed services, information about the previous customers and sample of work. Another strategy is of communication that could be conducted through Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce networking. It is noted that networking activities are significant, because it helps in bringing significant business (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Another method for communication is through conducting trade shows that could create awareness about the company. Recommended tactics It is recommended to Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce to strengthen the chamber along with the member companies (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce should also create and try to sustain the strong entrepreneurial network, try to support the efforts in retaining and expanding the previous business and in attracting the new business, along with enhancement in the economy and quality of life in the Toowoomba communities (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). There are few tactics that could be recommended to Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce: 1. Membership growth and retention- The Company is expected to focus over the committee of the members over developing the goals for the retention and growth of membership and its tactics for achieving the set objectives (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also recommended that committee and staff members should work in coordination in order to strengthen the relations with the previous members by improving the communication and their involvement with the chamber members (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The organization should also develop the membership development activities periodically. It is also expected that work should be done with the marketing and committee of public relations for developing the marketing material in order to support the development of the membership (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also expected that there should be continuous review and additional recommendations and changes in the products and services in order to give value to the chamber membership (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). 2. Community relations and development- It is true that community relations often become visible within the community (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is recommended to have the regular personal contacts, cooperation as well as communication with the members along with various other community and business leaders (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is again recommended that sponsors should be contacted for the economic and the community development seminars as well as workshops (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also important to collaborate with the other chambers, development organizations and the business support and education providers (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). 3. Advocacy- Through the active government and committee of community relations leadership it is recommended to develop the advocacy platform for handling all the issues related to the concern of the business community, membership and community (Kolb 2006). It is also recommended to the government officials through different levels of the business leaders, community and the government should be contacted on day to day basis in order to exchange the information and for maintaining the mutual advantageous relationship (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also important to work with various other areas of the chambers along with state chambers to give information to the members (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also important to advocate the deemed issues for the benefits of the community in general and for business community (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). 4. Promotion and marketing- It is recommended to develop the promotional and marketing plans in order to ensure that the information and the news related to the benefits, services and features of the chamber of commerce are made available to its members, along with business community, and prospective members (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also recommended to develop the partnership for promotion and marketing with the other companies and members in order to promote the members in the business and within the region (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). It is also important to review the positioning of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce in the market area, so that it would be good to represent the service area for enhancing the membership and increase the opportunities for expansion and growth (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). 5. Development of Finance- It is also recommended to develop the goals and plans that could include the timetable and tactics for the purpose of reducing the activities of fund raising for supporting the Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce normal operations (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). It should also be recommended to permit the limited use of the invested funds in order to create the balance in the budget until the operating income the funds are raise for the purpose of balancing the budget (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also recommended to adjust the structure of membership dues in order to make it more comparable with the other chambers of commerce within the Toowoomba region and for increasing the revenue of chambers without leading the decline in the entire membership (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). Therefore, its important to review this membership yearly and give the recommendations to the board for having the periodic adjustments (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also recommended to review the surplus funds and try to indicate towards the membership how these funds could be actually used for supporting the chambers that includes the expected projects, improvement in capital and various other uses (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). It is again recommended to have the share of office space, administrative cost and office expenses under the experience of the chamber for experiencing the sufficient increase in membership and in revenue for permitting to support the additional staffing, office space, and additional office hours (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is also recommended to investigate about the different alternatives for the office location of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce by considering the cost, status of the present arrangement of office and its advantages and disadvant ages about the location that is visible to the prospective members, public and visitors (Stapleton and Thomas 1998). Timeline Timeline is important in the marketing plan for marking the time for completing every task. If all the tasks are completed on time then it can help in fulfilling the objectives. Research Activities Time Required Economic Development - Develop strategy to support communities - Economic development opportunities - Explore tourism for promoting growth - Explore Revenue sources 1 Week Community Development - Working with country and planning commission - Promote education, entertainment, along with cultural resources - Increase working relationship with agencies of government 1 Week Membership Development - Provide benefits to members - Create new opportunities to met with chamber staff - Communicate with members - Review organization dues structure - Membership survey 2 Weeks Organizational development - Develop and implement long term financial plan - Staff training - Evaluate organization structure - Yearly review of strategic plan 2 Weeks Contingency plan Contingency plan could be developed in order to manage the continuity of business for the network infrastructure of waste water in the scenario of the service loss by the support of critical assets (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce can make similar plans for the assets of water network (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). The organization can try to commence the water infrastructure services in the key projects for collecting and validating the asset data for using the system of new asset management (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). This system can help in facilitating the approach to manage the asset as well as methodology in the waste service and water group. It will also permit the continuing and development review about the programs of management and maintenance (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). This can even increase the resource effectiveness along with funding assets of water and can even increase the different ways in which water infrastructure could be maintai ned and managed (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). It is noted that Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce is fortunate and they dont try to compete with other market players, as they are more interested to work with other commerce chambers in various other countries (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2006). Conclusion The report has discussed about the marketing plan of Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce, in which objectives of the company are discussed. The objectives are realistic and achievable. The report also includes about the marketing mix elements of the company that help in analyzing the product, prices, and promotional strategies of the company. The company most promotes their services through their website in which they include information for the staff and customers. The company also organizes the trade shows in order to enhance their business and degenerate new business opportunities. The report also includes the strategy of the organization and prepare contingency plan. References Anderson, I. G. (2011). Marketing management: a world registers of organizations. C.B.D. Research. Baines, P. and Fill, C. (2014). MARKETING 3E P. Oxford University Press. Czinkota, M. and Ronkainen, I. (2006). International Marketing. UK: Cengage Learning. Keegan, W. J. (2011). Global Marketing Management. Pearson Education India. Kolb, B. (2006). Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns. UK: Routledge Phillips, R. (2002). Concept Marketing for Communities: Capitalizing on Underutilized Resources to Generate Growth and Development. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. Riddell, R. G. (2009). The Business Who's who of Australia and Australian Purchasing Year Book. The University of Michigan Stapleton, J. and Thomas, M. J. (1998). How to Prepare a Marketing Plan: A Guide to Reaching the Consumer Market. Gower Publishing, Ltd. Strategic Plan. (2013). Toowoomba Regional Council: Annual Report | 2012/13. (2013).

Theology of Missions Paper Essay Example

Theology of Missions Paper Essay In today’s time the other main focus besides Jesus Christ is dealing with the concept of mission to where everybody focuses on it. There are many different definitions that have been expounded upon by scholars of the church or by people who have taken a great interest in seeing the word of God spread throughout the world to the lost. As we further explore the scriptures in the bible we can clearly see that God loves his people and he desires to see them not perish. In the book of John 3:16 (KJV) 16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. This is the strongest demonstration that God shows and teaches us. Through this we are compelled to put effort into learn the word of God so that we will be effective in sharing the word of God abroad to all the nation of the earth through missions. Encountering Missions in the Old and New Testament The purpose of us reading the bible is for us to understand God and his intention for his creation on this earth through missions. First, it presents the mission and purpose of God with great power and clarity and with universal implications for all humanity. Second, the Old Testament shaped the very nature of the mission of the New testament church, which, indeed, felt compelled to justify its mission practice from the Scriptures we now call the Old Testament†. (Wright 2000) In the book Introducing World Miss ion, the author examines the missions of the Old Testament and categories them into four scenarios. The first one is the creation and the fall. The second is God’s calling and setting apart a people for himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Theology of Missions Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theology of Missions Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theology of Missions Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The third is God’s work in rescuing his people and the fourth one is God’s work sending his people into exile. When close examining the four categories you see in the first one that God creates a people for his purpose and that is to praise and worship him and to be a representative ruler in the earth as he is ruler of the universe In the book of Genesis we that that God say in verse 26, â€Å"to let us make man in our image and likeness male and female†. For some time many people have misunderstood this phrase and equated to a fact that that God has an image and we are made in the very image of him. Which is very true but they look at it from a natural man’s perspective. We know that we have a spirit that has a body that possesses a soul. If that is a case we must realize that if God is in us and he is a Spirit, then the image that was talked about in verse 26 was the spirit that dwells in us. God desired to share that with us through his creation. Look at what he did when he formed Adam. He created everything for him and he wanted him to do was subdue the earth as God did in heaven. Then the ultimate thing happen when Adam disobeyed God. There was a spiritual separation that took place when he consumed the forbidden fruit. Genesis 3:7-13 (KJV) 7 And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. 8 And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God amongst the trees of the garden. 9 And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? 10 And he said, I heard thy oice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself. 11 And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? 12 And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. 13 And the Lord God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. In the second category we God move through love and that is establishing a covenant thru Noah and Abraham. Looking at the covenant with Noah he promise with the bow that he would never destroy mankind with a flood and that covenant still exist and we can see mainly after it rains. The covenant with Abraham was a lot different from the one of Noah. God begin to cut a covenant with Abram before he was even called Abraham. He began to tell him that he was going to bless him and make you a great nation. He said that he would make his name great. He also included that he would be a blessing and that he would bless those who bless him and curse those had cursed him. This is very amazing because you begin to see God making a transition thru the man of God to get the people back to where they belong and that is in God. In this whole entire time we see that God is moving on the behalf of the people. In the book of exodus we see how he rescues them from Pharaoh. We also see how he begins to set order in so that the training of his will take place. Ultimately this take place with the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ to reconcile us back to the Father. The whole entire time from the Old Testament to the New Testament was undisclosed mission work that took place on earth. Mission Theology In The World Missions book the others believe that theology concerns itself with reflection on the nature of the gospel, and the theology of mission with the question of the way the Church spreads the gospel. Indicating that there both important to the gospel spreading the word. Many scholars dealing with this topic began to integrate comparative motif with Theology of Missions and Biblical Revelation. The first motif dealt with the Kingdom of God. The second one was centered on Jesus which is the main focus for mission work. The third one was the reliance on the Holy Ghost. He is a very important one because he empowers the people for mission work. The fourth one deals with the church which is a local body that assembles together for worship and fellowship. The last important one is the returning of Jesus, which brings motivations to the believer to endure. Effecting the People No matter how many different definitions or opinion that have or will generate for missions. The main focus is in the Great Commission that Jesus left for all believers. He focus was to make sure that the word of God was spread to all nations and that disciples were being made so that they could continue the work until Jesus return for us. On that note it is very imperative that all believers’ especially missionaries understand the word from God’s perspective and not man’s. They have to understand everything when they are about to go to another country. For example, understanding the history and customs play a very important role. For instance a women going to an Islamic country without covering herself is suicide because they did not take the time to research the customs of that country. Conclusion In this walk with Christ we all must realize that we are a part of a kingdom that is so big and powerful. The important thing to remember is that there are no big I’s or U’s in the Kingdom. We all have a part to play, whether we preach or do mission work it all is important in the Kingdom. We must take the focus of us and remember John 3:16. For it was he that sacrificed his Son for us. Bibliography A. Scott Moreau, Gary R. Corwin and Gary B McGee. Introducing World Missions. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004. Key-Word Study Bible. Chattanooga: AMG Publisher, 1991.

The JFK Conspiracy Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The JFK Conspiracy Essay, Research Paper The JFK Conspiracy On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy arrived in Dallas to a crowd of aroused people run alonging the streets trusting to acquire a glance of the President. As his motorcade proceeded down Elm Street, Governor Connally # 8217 ; s married woman said, # 8220 ; You can # 8217 ; Ts say that Dallas isn # 8217 ; t friendly to you today Mr. President. # 8221 ; Upon that, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States was assassinated. The United States mourned the decease of its immature and inspiring President. It has been 37 old ages since the blackwash of John F. Kennedy and many people are still unsure as to who is really responsible for his blackwash. Through the old ages at that place have been legion theories that the CIA and the FBI were someway linked to the blackwash. Though many would doubt that the president? s ain authorities would cabal to slay him ; there are several possible grounds for their possible engagement in an blackwash secret plan. We will write a custom essay sample on The JFK Conspiracy Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Bay of Pigs was the flicker that ignited the annihilating fire. 1500 CIA trained anti-Castro exiles were sent to prehend Cuba. At the critical last minute President Kennedy cancelled the air work stoppages which were supposed to disenable Castro? s air force. As a consequence more than 100 of the CIA? s work forces were killed ; the staying agents surrendered. ( Morrissey ) Kennedy took full public duty for the Bay of Pigs catastrophe though in secret he blamed the CIA. Kennedy fired three of the CIA? s top work forces whom were responsible for the operation: Director Allen Dulles, who was subsequently a member of the Warren Commission ( Lifton 176 ) , General Cabell, and Richard Bissel. ( Morrissey ) After the CIA lost clip, attempt, and people in the effort to procure Cuba, the CIA became hostile and wanted to acquire rid of Kennedy to forestall him from losing more land, particularly in Vietnam.Adding to the fire were Kennedy? s secret committednesss to drawing out of Vietnam and his menace to? Smash the CIA into a 1000 pieces and disperse them in the air current? ( Belzer 79 ) There were three known efforts on taking JFK? s life in the autumn of 1963. In late October, Thomas Arthur Vallee was arrested by the secret service in Chicago yearss before a scheduled visit by Kennedy. Vallee was discovered to hold an M-1 rifle, a pistol, and three thousand unit of ammunitions of ammo. Days subsequently, the Secret Service received another menace: Kennedy would be ambushed in Chicago by a Cuban hit squad. The Chicago trip was cancelled without account. On November 18, four yearss before the blackwash in Dallas, Joseph Milteer outlined the inside informations for the upcoming Texas effort to a constabulary source. None of these menaces were forwarded to governments in Dallas. ( Belzer 10 ) The sums of activity and leery incidents in Dallas on November 22, 1963 are amazing. The grounds in the 3rd and concluding effort on President Kennedy? s life in Dealey Plaza provides a ground to believe that U.S. authorities bureaus had a function in JFK? s decease. It all begins on Main Street on which the motorcade was supposed to remain ( Garrison 117 ) . The Dallas Morning News featured a elaborate map of the planned motorcade path. The motorcade was supposed to take a comparatively strait class through Dealey Plaza without go throughing by the Book Depository. Suddenly, out of the blue the motorcade veered from the approved path. This exposed JFK to snipers positioned at the Book Depository, ? Grassy Knoll? and the Dal-Tex edifice. This besides caused drivers to decelerate down to an estimated 10 stat mis per hr. The Secret Service have had to O.K. the unexplained alterations. ( Garrison 117-119 ) There were many lensmans and people videotaping in the Dealey Plaza who captured the lay waste toing minutes in which President Kennedy was murdered. Mary Muchmore shooting a film of the concluding frontlet shooting into Kennedy? s caput ( Belzer 17 ) . Orville Nix shot a picture that features flashes from the grassy mound and an image of what people believe to be a gunslinger ( Belzer 17 ) . Robert Hughes captured motion from the 6th floor corner window of the Book Depository and the window next to it ( Belzer 17 ) . Abraham Zapruder shooting possibly the most celebrated movie of all. His movie stemmed grounds that for case, there was a inquiry? based on the timing of the fire sequence taken from his film- as to whether a lone gunslinger could hold fired so rapidly with truth. Marine sharpshooters tried- and failed ( Belzer 15 ) . Other grounds indicated that police officers on the scene turned non toward the Book Depository, but toward Zapruder? s place neat the grassy mound. Zapruder testified that he believed shootings came from behind him: on the grassy mound. None of the movies of all time made it into the Warren Commission. There was yet another movie shot by a lady referred to as the? Babushka Lady? . This movie was shot from a point where the depositary Windowss and the grassy mound could be seen clearly. The Monday following the blackwash two work forces, whom she believed to be Secret Service or FBI agents, appropriated the movie. The work forces told the? Babushka Lady? that her movie would be utile grounds, and if she turned it over it would be returned within 10 yearss. The tape was neer returned, and the work forces finally said it was? bad movie? . ( Belzer 19 ) Another leery activity that took topographic point on the tragic twenty-four hours was the presence of the cryptic? umbrella adult male? . The umbrella adult male was in the crowd on the Dealey Plaza pavement. He is really noticeable because he is the merely 1 to convey an umbrella on the peculiarly cle Ar and warm twenty-four hours. In exposure before the limousine enters the place, the adult male is shown standing casually with his umbrella closed. But, as the president? s auto comes nigher a? stage dancing? ( Belzer 22 ) begins. As JFK draws parallel to the adult male, the president is hit by the first slug. The adult male opens his umbrella pumping it in the air many times so closes it and lowers it. At that same minute his confederate thrust his right arm into the air in what many research workers believe to be a clinched carpus salutation. ( Belzer 22 ) Yet another baffling incident is the deficiency of Secret Service protection during the motorcade path and the shot. Secret Service agents really turned down an offer from the Dallas Police Department for more security. During the motorcade the service diminished their shield by cut downing bike constabulary from eight to four. Once firing began exposures and pictures show unusual deficiency of reaction from agents siting behind Kennedy. While JFK grasp his pharynx, Secret Service agents are looking about, two towards Kennedy, two towards the rear except Clint Hill, an agent brought at the last minute by the first lady. No agents move to screen the president from farther gunshot. After the first shooting was fired Kennedy? s driver really brings the auto to a arrest. ( Belzer 46 ) Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the slaying of President Kennedy. When he was taken into detention, Oswald pleaded that he was set up, he was a chump ( Garrison 70 ) . The grounds environing the instance of Oswald, and the grounds environing the twenty-four hours of the blackwash suggest that in fact Oswald was the perfect pasty for the CIA to model. The CIA had been puting up Oswald since every bit early as January 1961, the month of Kennedy? s startup. Research workers believe that the CIA had people impersonate Oswald in order to paint the image that Oswald was a deranged Communist bravo. Before the blackwash, Oswald was spotted at the Russian embassy in Mexico, purchasing a auto, at the rifle scope ( Belzer 67 ) , and giving out pro Castro cusps in New Orleans. ? In the intelligence community there is a term used to depict this sort of manipulated behaviour designed to make a coveted image: sheepdipping. ( Garrison 70 ) . ? It seems that Oswald had been in New Orleans to be sheepdipped under the counsel of Guy Banister and that he had been sent back to Dallas when the mission was accomplished ( Garrison 71 ) . Curiously adequate records indicate that the Oswald who enlisted in the Marines was 5? 11, ? the Oswald who went to Russia was 5? 6? while the dead Oswald measured in at 5? 9? ( Belzer 68 ) At midday, on a street in Dallas, the president of the United States is assassinated. He is barely dead when the official version is broadcast. In that version, which will be the unequivocal 1, Lee Harvey Oswald entirely has killed John Kennedy. ? The arm does non co-occur with the slug, nor the slug with the holes. The accused does non co-occur with the accusal: ( Galeano 183 ) ? Oswald is an exceptionally bad shooting, but harmonizing to the official version, his Acts of the Apostless were those of a title-holder sharpshooter and Olympic sprinter. He has fired an old rifle with impossible velocity and his charming slug, turning and writhing to perforate Kennedy and John Connally, the governor of Texas, remains strangely integral ( Stone JFK ) . Oswald denies it. But no 1 knows, no 1 will of all time cognize what he has to state. Two yearss subsequently he collapses before the telecasting cameras, the whole universe informant to the spectacle, his oral cavity shut by Jack Ruby, a two-bit mobster and minor seller in adult females and drugs. Ruby says he has avenged Kennedy out of nationalism and commiseration for the hapless widow. ( Galeano 183 ) President Lyndon Baines Johnson set up a commission led by head justness Earl Warren, to carry on an official probe into Kennedy # 8217 ; s slaying. On 24 September 1964, the Warren Commission eventually issued a study of their findings ( Gest 28 ) . They concluded that President Kennedy was murdered by a individual gunslinger, Lee Harvey Oswald. ( Lifton 12 ) The Warren Commission was made up of seven LBJ appointed members. Three of them had ties to the CIA or the military elite. The Report concluded that the shootings that killed Kennedy were fired from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository edifice, and no other site. They farther concluded that there was three shootings fired in all, and all of them were fired from Lee Harvey Oswald. The Commission stated that there was no confederacy, domestic or international, and that there was no connexion between Jack Ruby and Oswald. However, through the 20 six volumes and the about 13 thousand pages of testimonies and documental exhibits hints of testimonies from Kennedy? s doctors, Dallas physicians, eyewitnesses, or civilian movies can non be found. Belzar, Richard. UFO? s, JFK, and Elvis confederacies you don? Ts have to be brainsick to believe. New York: The Ballantine Publishing Group, 1999. Galeano, Eduardo. Memory of Fire: Three Century of the Wind. Part Three of a Trilogy, translated by Cedric Belfrage: Pantheon Books, 1988. Gest, Ted, at Al. ? JFK The Untold Story of the Warren Commission. ? U.S. News A ; World Report 17 August 1992: 28-42. JFK. Dir. Oliver Stone. Warner Bros, 1991. Lifton, David S. Best Evidence. New York: Carroll A ; Graf Publishers, Inc, 1980. Peterson, Roger S. ? Declassified. ? American History July/ August 1996: 22-26, 54-57. The Bay of Pigs Revisited. Ed. Michael D. Morrissey. May. 1993. 3 May. 2000 .

Avatar Film Review Essay Example

Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar Film Review Essay Example Avatar is a fictional film produced in America in 2009 by James Cameron and starring Zoe Saldana, Sam Worthington, Michelle Rodriguez, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver (French, 2010). It is about the human colonization of Pandora, a fictional land in the star system inhabited by ape-like beings called Navi. The environment of the place is not suitable for human life, and the interest of the colonialists was only mining mineral deposits of unobtanium. The film is significant as it depicts things that happen in the real human societies such as the scramble for Africa by the European powers that implied the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of territories (Chamberlain, 2014). Avatar thus reflects on the real life situations in a number of ways. The Comparison of the Fictional Treatment of Na’vi to Real Life Cases The native inhabitants of Pandora lived in a wilderness setting, and they coexisted with their ecosystem that included a dense forest (Horwitz, 2009). The colonialists from the Earth land there with the interests of mining the unobtanium minerals, and this threatens the forest as well as the indigenous population. Just like in the film, the European powers such as Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France among others invaded Africa and destroyed forests to pave the way for mining of minerals such as copper, construction of roads and farming among other uses (Shillington, 2005). In Avatar, the colonizers send spies to gather information about the Hometree, a sacred place where the Na’vis used to pray, after discovering the possibility of the presence of mineral deposits under the tree. They later send a bulldozer to destroy the shrine and pave the way for mining (Cameron, 2010). The European colonial masters also destroyed African forests and shrines in a bid to exploit the resources of their interest (Chamberlain, 2014). The humans forcefully evict the Navis from their lands doing this is through bloodshed that led to deaths of the locals and some of their leaders. They also disregard the Navis deity by destroying the shrines and trying to change their wilderness culture and life (Cameron, 2010). However, the Navis begin to resists the human oppression, and they wage rebellions that lead to the expulsion of people from Pandora. In Africa, the European colonial masters forcefully ejected native inhabitants from their lands and confined them in reserves. They also disregarded the native religion and tried to introduce Christianity (Shillington 2005). In the film, the humans had no intentions of settlement and thus they were just interested in destroying the forests and mining the unobtanium minerals (Cameron, 2010). European colonialists in Africa, in their turn, had the intentions of displacing the natives and settling on their lands for large scale farming. These distinctions clearly differentiate the interests of the invading parties in both instances. On the one hand, in Avatar, the invasion of Pandora was purely economic because the human had the interests of mining the unobtanium minerals (Cameron, 2010). The European invasion of Africa, on the other hand, was a combination of both the economic and political purposes. Apart from mining and farming, the powers were interested in establishing the direct rule, annexing territories, and obtaining fighters to support their armies during the world wars (Chamberlain, 2010). The invasion also fuelled slave trade that saw the capturing and transportation of Africans to foreign continents as slave workers. Security Contractors Security contractors work under the incentive of making profit, and they have no moral obligation to the civilians. Due to the greed for money, they tend to promote a culture of violence as opposed to the official government militaries that work to promote peace, and they have a duty of serving the nationals in their given jurisdiction (Gomez del Prado, 2008). Unlike the military officers, private security guards work under little or no oversight and thus they tend to violate the rights of the civilians to maximize their profit gains. It was very unethical for the guards in the Avatar film to open fire on Jake and Grace, and that shows how the private officers disregard the lives of their comrades (Cameron, 2010). The private guards also tend to use excessive force against non-combatants, and this may involve indiscriminative shootings. For instance, in the Avatar film, the Resource Development authority’s private security officers killed the non-combatant Na’vis in a b id to expel them from their shrines (Cameron, 2010). Military officers, in their turn, work under regulations and thus they rarely violate the rights of civilians due to strict oversight (Gomez del Prado, 2008). Private security guards, on the one hand, operate using unidentified vehicles, and this makes it easy for them to engage in misconduct. On the other hand, the military has branded vehicles that are easy to be identified (Gomez del Prado, 2008). The governments of various jurisdictions need to regulate the private security firms to prevent them from engaging in crime as well as violating the rights of civilians in their areas of assignments (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014). There is the need for oversight to hold the officers accountable for their actions and this could assist in taming them. Regulations are also necessary to limit the number of private security companies because their aim is not serving the public but to maximize their profits while disregarding the civilian rights (Gomez del Prado, 2008). According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014), regulations are inevitable to prevent the possibility of corruption amongst the private security officers as well as their companies. Cameron’s Message on Environmental Sustainability and Corporate Greed Cameron uses the film to blame business organizations for the wanton destruction of the environment as well as the depletion of natural resources. He demonstrates a scenario in 2154 when there is an energy problem due to the exhaustion of natural resources, and this might compel the scientist to try other options, for instance, the metaphor of human beings mining unobtanium in the Pandora space that is beyond the planet earth (Horwitz, 2009). The resistance by the natives as well as the final expulsion of the human from the planet shows that most options in the projected time will not be fruitful, and this might lead to the collapse of all industries. The film is, therefore, an eye opener to corporations to be mindful of the future when they exploit the natural resources. In the movie, the invasion and the attempts to mine unobtanium on the Pandora planet threaten the forests and the lives of the natives and thus the indigenous population resists the move (Horwitz, 2009). Cameron tries to explain that the greed for resources diminishes people and has the potential to lead the investors outside the planet of Earth. The fictitious conflict between the Resources Development Authority and the Pandora is an imagery of what happens to business organizations and their host communities. In extreme situations, people directly attack the businesses or launch demonstrations against the same organizations to expel them from their land. Cameron also intended to pass the message that corporations should respect the culture of the natives of their areas of operation. The Resources Development Authority destroys the Pandora forests that houses the Na’vis shrines and this is a total disregard of the hosts’ culture, religion and their deity (Horwitz, 2009). The result is the rebellion war that leads to mysterious intervention of wild animals for the Navis, and this forces the human beings out of Pandora. This fictitious image shows that organizations must respect the hosts’ culture for them to succeed in that setting. Cameron also indirectly speaks about the corporate social responsibility that entails organizational acts of giving back to the societies in their vicinities as a sign of appreciation for their accommodating nature. The Resources Development Authority’s (RDA) action of clearing forests and destroying shrines in Pandora as well as killing the locals represents how the modern business organizations harm the host communities in various ways such as destruction of the environment and the indirect killing of people through air and water pollution among others. Just like the RDAs expulsion from Pandora, every modern industry that disregards the welfare of the host population is doomed to fail. Cameron tries to pass the message that corporate firms are to be blamed for the environmental deterioration as well as the depletion of natural resources. He visualizes an energy problem in 2154 where industries will have all the resources exhausted. He strengthens his argument through the fictitious Pandora example whereby the RDA mining activities threaten the lives of the natives as well as their eco-system. Cameron portrays the arrogance of such organizations through the RDA’s act of using force against the hosts and destroying their shrines. His message is that organizations must reverse the energy use trend as well as the exploitation of the non-fuel resources to save them for the future use. In conclusion, Avatar is a fiction film but it depicts the immorality that takes place in the real life situations. For instance, the RDAs greed of mining unobtanium in the Pandora in disregard of the environment and the welfare of the natives represent what modern industries do. The unprofessional behaviour of the security guards in the film is a replica of how modern security guards operate. Avatar bears a warning to the industrialists to take care of the host communities as well as their environment as otherwise, sooner or later, their businesses will collapse.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Philosophy - Essay Example While there is a general dictionary understanding of a gadfly, when examining the lives of Socrates, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X, one can view their thematic similarities and come to understand the definition of gadfly incarnate. In these regards, all men share a similar propensity towards upsetting the status quo. In the case of Socrates it was through his influence on the Athenian youth that upset the upper level powers that ultimately put him to death. In the instances of Dr. King and Malcom X they work towards upsetting the status quo through fighting, albeit in different ways, for equal rights. In letters from a Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. speaks of a creative tension that must exist for true social progress to occur. In discussing this creative tension, King has been addressing criticism he has received for protests in which took part in with which he has been imprisoned for. The general theme of his letter is addresses the reasons for this non-violent protest . When he reaches the part that refers to creative tension, he is actually referring to the necessity of protest to bring individuals to the negotiating table. This is in essence the creative tension that king is referring to; it is not a violent way of sparking negotiation or change, but a non-violent yet direct means of creatively producing tension in the social environment so that political powers will take notice and engage in meaningful discussion. C) Creative tension is demonstrated in both the lives of Socrates and Martin Luther King Jr. As is noted above, Martin Luther King’s understanding of creative tension is non-violent protest that leads to the implementation of social change. In ‘Letters from a Birmingham Jail’ King brilliantly elucidates his stance on this issue as he demonstrates the reasons behind his engaging in the non-violent protest, One of the basic points in your statement is that the action that I and my associates have taken in Birmingham is untimely. Some have asked: "Why didn't you give the new city administration time to act?" The only answer that I can give to this query is that the new Birmingham administration must be prodded about as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor will bring the millennium to Birmingham (King). Here King is demonstrating that the protest was necessary to so that the mayor would agree to negotiate. In Socrates, one sees a slightly different incarnation of creative tension. Both Socrates and Dr. King demonstrate a willingness to challenge society based on a belief that there are aspects of the social order that must be overturned to enact a more fair and balanced means of existence. In the Apology, Socrates states, For know that this is the command of God; and I believe that no greater good has ever happened in the state than my service to the God. For I do nothing but go about persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for your persons or your properties, but first and chiefly to care about the greatest improvement of the soul (Plato 30a). In these regards, Socrates version of creative tension is much more closely linked to a belief in a higher state of consciousness that must be followed rather than the constructs of the social order. While Socrates is speaking to society at large, his message of creative tension is ultimately a more personal one. Socrates is indicating that one should improve their soul and follow this path to genuine existence and knowledge even at the cost of death. D) When considering Malcolm X, one notes that his ultimate goal is similar to Dr. King’s in that both men desire equal rights for the races. With Malcolm X, the main difference is his extremity, as he believes this should be achieved at all costs, even violence. His rational for this is related to historical precedent, as he points to the bloodshed that was lost in the Re volutionary War over achieving equal rights, and argues that similar steps must be

RTI^2 - Response to Intervention in Tennessee Schools Research Paper

RTI^2 - Response to Intervention in Tennessee Schools - Research Paper Example Decisions regarding the interventions’ duration and intensity are founded on the individual responses of the students being evaluated. Also, their designation for utilization in special and general education categories develops excellently integrated systems reliant on the outcomes of children. This paper explores the impact of Response to Intervention on schedules and direct instruction receivership in K-8 level schools in Tennessee. Response to Intervention processes use a universally accepted model that is widely practiced and scientifically researched that is divided into three tiers incorporating behavioral and/or academic intercessions. The first tier involves qualified personnel giving similar instructions to the students for screening to identify students with behavioral and academic needs as to their respective learning rates and performance levels. The second tier involves evaluating the individual progress of the participating students at increased intensity of the instructions provided. The third tier entails giving exhaustive intercessions targeting the identified skill deficits to ascertain whether each student satisfies the standards set to refer them for special education or general education. Besides, schools can use other implementation approaches such as functional assessment, problem-solving or standard protocol (Buffun, Mattos and Weber, 2009). The use of instructional processes in response to intervention is the pillar of the approach. Although assessment components are essential to the program’s implementation, it is the instructions appearing as a function of the assessments’ outcome that propels the desired changes in students found to have problems with academic performance; students at a danger of not scoring beyond the established standards. The tiered instructions describe a model in which instructions are presented to each student in

Activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Activism - Essay Example The purpose of art activism is to be heard collectively. Its major focus lies on the issue at hand and not on the artist as an individual (Cohen-Cruz, 2002). Art activism moves people through what they see. It stirs up something inside the viewer to do something. It was a medium that has been used by many to change the course of history. Art activism can be expressed in many ways. The examples are many; the Harlem Renaissance in 1919-1929, it was an early depiction of an African-American activist art. There was Angelina Grimke’s play â€Å"Rachel†, the stage was used to be heard clearly that everyone is equal, regardless of color and race. In 1917 Lenin used the colorful festivals to advance his agenda in Russia. These are just few examples of the power of Activist art (Cohen-Cruz, 2002). Artistic skills can be used to attract the attention of the public; it is an aid for the public so it can look deeply on social and political issues. Concert for example can be used to promote peace on war stricken and famine stricken country like Africa. People respond to the message of the music, it touches the hearts of its hearers. Art has the capacity to move the audience to reevaluate the accepted views. It can direct by consent and not by force as someone puts it (Cohen-Cruz, 2002). Having declared everything, I want to move on to the proposal. To use arts in order to get people’s attention; and to make them see or understand, and to persuade them to get involved. I asked people about what they think or feel on specific subjects. Majority of people I asked are having difficulty on expressing their thoughts regarding certain issues. I find it even difficult extracting from them what they think about what makes them proud or what makes them happy and what will make them hate themselves. They even find it difficult to complete sentences like â€Å"I am satisfied when I (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦), I hate myself when I (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦), and I think self confidence is (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.). When I

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategies and Benefit

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategies and Benefit 1.0 Chapter 2 Literature Review A literature review of research was carried out to put light into the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as this differs from country to country and different authors have modelled different definition for CSR. This makes the study of CSR more complex. Also factors influencing the strategic issues of CSR are also reviewed. Electronic database is used such as emerald to select appropriate   articles. This   review of literature is worked out on published research on CSR, CSR strategies and benefits. The first focal point is on the definition of CSR, then the strategies of CSR in business was reviewed and the benefits associated with the strategic management of CSR. The main aim of this review is to sum up the studies in relation to the integration of CSR in its core business to gain advantage to the target group that receive the CSR and also to the business in the long run to place the business at a competitive advantage. Findings on environment have also been taken into consideration. 1.1 2.1 Theoretical Review 1.1.1 Models, Concepts, Frameworks In the book ‘Corporate Social Responsibility by Crowther D and Aras G, 2008, Milton Friedman (1970) stated that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business- to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud† So we can understand that according to Friedmans 1970 theory the sole responsibility of the business is to capitalise profit. According to Friedman (1970 cited in   Galbreath 2009, p.111   ), it is the firm responsibility to meet the economic needs and that only leads to the welfare of the society and it is the role of the government, service organizations, educational institution to meet the societal welfare. Galbreath, (2009) cited that after the publication of the thesis of Friedman, (1970)  Ã‚   there was much research on the social responsibilities of the firm. Galbreath, (2009) states that ‘In the late 1970s, Carroll (1979) offered one of the first and perhaps still the most widely accepted conceptualisations of CSR (Matten and Crane, 2005). In Galbreath (2009), Carrolls (1979) model conceptualises the responsibilities of the firm as: the economic responsibility to generate profits; the legal responsibility to comply by local, state, federal, and relevant international laws; the ethical responsibility to meet other social expectations, not written as law (e.g. avoiding harm or social injury, respecting moral rights of individuals, doing what is right, just, fair); and the discretionary responsibility to meet additional behaviours and activities that society finds desirable (e.g. philanthropic initiatives such as contributing   money to various kinds of social or cultural enterprises). The last concept applies to the Mauritian context where NGOs are engaged in the philanthropic activities. They are funded by firms making profit and 1% of the profit after tax is given to the NGOs to look at the vulnerable groups in Mauritius , the other 1% goes to the contribution of programs offered by government, (NEF, 2008). NEF,2008 cited that the economics needs of the firm are met to comply with CSR. The firm has to contribute 2% of its profit after tax in the CSR fund. If the firms make no profit then there is no contribution to CSR. This brings to the circular Mauritian model In Mauritius, the government uses the profit for the welfare of the society. 1.1.2 Activities not meeting the criteria of CSR in Mauritius The following activities do not fall under the definition of CSR IN Mauritius, NEF (2008): Contribution for religious activities Contribution to activities discriminating on the basis of race, place of origin, political opinion, colour or creed. Contribution to Trade Unions Sponsorship for marketing purposes Contribution for political parties Shareholders and Senior Staff benefits (schemes benefiting staff and/ or their family members and shareholders holding more than 5% of shareholding) Staff welfare cost (including e.g. current and future staff training costs), Activities which are against public safety and national interest. In Galbreath (2009), Friedmans (1970) social responsibilities, stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility, Carroll (1979) are normative: they give a description of what the dos and donts of the firm in terms of their societal responsibilities (Rodriguez et al., 2002) Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made a study with regards to CSR in Uganda a developing country. They stated that CSR is a new concept in Uganda and the study was carried out to know the perceptions of CSR, approaches and needs of companies in the matter of CSR.   The CSR defined by company managers in Uganda as stated by Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008)   are â€Å"when companies consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stkaholders as well as the environment.† â€Å"how companies manage their business processes to produce on overall positive impact on society.† â€Å"considering all stakeholders while making business decisions that manage stakeholders relationships â€Å"giving back to society and cementing the bond of the company to society through demonstrating the caring heart of the company† Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made the observations that large companies in Uganda do not have a CSR strategy and they cannot satisfy all the requests of communities and NGOs. The Government of Mauritius has catered for the approved programmes relating to socio economic development, Health, leisure and sport, environment, education and training and catastrophe, (NEF, 2008). The NEF has an important role to play to drive firms to CSR strategies. The Government of Mauritius stated in NEF (2008)   has set up a guiding principle with the general purpose of   directing registered companies to give 2% of their book profit to programmes contributing to the social and environmental development of the country. NEF (2008) stated the objectives of the fund   to: Support firms to administer their own agenda, resulting in the triple reporting aspect, that is, the economic, social and environmental development. Ease the involvement of the companies to sustain existing Approved National Programmes applied by Companies, national agencies or NGOs support a serviceable society to NGOs working with the approved national development program 1.2 Empirical Review 1.2.1 Applied Studies and Findings Research gaps In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, Shrivastava and Hart (1994) suggested green politics will be among the powerful forces of economic, social, and political change,   businesses and managerial theory have to change them drastically to hold environmental distress. In the same paper In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, stated that after more than ten years, Kallio and Nordberg (2006)   there are still questions that have not been answered regarding firms and their link with the natural environment. These questions are : â€Å" what is the organisations relationship with the natural environment? Why does integration of concerns for the natural environment happen within organisations? Where does it happen? Who does it happen to? How does it happen? What are the consequences of an integration of the organisation and the natural environment? â€Å" (Sidsel Grimstad 2011 stated by Kallio and Nordberg   (2006 )) They also found that while considerable empirical research had been done, there were few development of theory conbining organizational and management theories with natural environment. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) stated that few research has been carried out to assess how prolonged actions affects firms or clusters competitiveness and the way natural environment is bonded to the involved firms of organisations (businesses, government, non-profit, or others)   day to day activities (Gladwin et al., 1995; Kallio and Nordberg, 2006). Little has been done to judge against framework, local formal and informal institutions while looking at business-driven environmental action (Gjà ¸lberg, 2009; Halme et al., 2009; Hart, 1995 cited in Sidsel Grimstad (2011) ) Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found from the above literature review comes up many knowledge gap. He states that more study   examining how firms operates and implements environmental action, the insight of environmental action, the reason they are doing it, what they see as main factors for the environment and business to mutually develop and benefit each other, the way they carry out environmental action, the way they organize and the short and long term consequences for the environment and society.   Sidsel Grimstad (2011),More concept is required the forming of   the relationships between the natural environment business organizations and competitive advantage. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) cited that â€Å" More comparative research is required analysing how businesses deal with environmental issues within different contexts and different national institutional frameworks.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that â€Å"When faced with serious environmental issues, it would be expected that the way/mode and means a business, a business cluster or society will respond to the environmental challenge will differ according to the countrys formal and informal institutions.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011) stated that these matters would be more outstanding in areas where the natural environment and landscape encompasses basis for tourism as an additional strategy for earning income for businesses based on agriculture. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also found that â€Å".. it would be expected that agriculture based tourism businesses would have a vested interest in going beyond compliance with the environmental regulatory systems. In addition such clusters would also perceive the natural landscape as a prerequisite for value-adding for their tourism businesses in the future and are therefore worth taking care of.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found that the two countries chosen, Norway and Australia have clearly different situations and organizational frameworks when dealing with environmental management in rural areas. He chose two business-driven green initiatives have been identified and there are still on-going research. Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that re â€Å"They are self-defined or self-organised clusters, in as such they do not follow administrative or geographical borders, but rather are based on a common business focus agriculture-based tourism in a geographical area where the borders have been defined by the business community itself through formal organisations such as local chambers of commerce.† He also stated that they hold the definition of clusters given by Porter (1998), that describes these geographic clusters of interrelated firms and institutions in a specific field. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also stated that the clusters include both suppliers of provider of inputs, services, and education( universities, training), and later stage of businesses centered on customers that both compete and work together. In Australia the associating organisation is a Chamber of Commerce in a wine tourism region, and in Norway is a farming of apple and tourism region, a shareholding firm has been set up with the objective of promoting continuing improvement in the area, (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). In Norway, the area in agriculture has received much subsidy to cater for both self-sufficiency in essential foods and secondly in sustaining the rural population. the subsidies in agriculture have been drastically reduced in the last decade, but they have been turned towards subsidies for farm-based ecological protection and preservation. These have led to new ventures in tourism sector for a new value-adding strategy. The above extract is from (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). Sidsel Grimstad 2011 also found in his study that traditional farming has been drifted towards   a mix of farming and agri-tourism, preceded by the principles of geo-tourism. In Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) the definition of   Geo-tourism is given by â€Å" tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents (National Geographic Society, 2009).† Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) stated that small agricultutal sector tourism clusters have been founded by the concepts of   geo-tourism that they call landscape parks that are natural and cultural regions described by the natural landscape and by the identification of local population.   The development of home agro and tourism have to undertaken in an sensitive way Taking care of the environment that must be attractive to both local people and the tourist (Sidsel Grimstad, 2011). From the above extract this leads to the creating of strategies to look after the issues of sustaining and preserving environment. Mauritius being a tourism industry can give importance to the environmental programs for maintaining and preserving it keeping in mind the problems that are the world is facing towards natural ecological change. 1.3 2.3 Case Studies Added on17/04/11 Volker Turk (2003) has worked in a paper e-business and CSR- the business case for the new economy. The paper looked at the major significance   for corporations working in the ICT and e-business sector concerning environmental and social issues. Volker Tà ¼rk (2003) developed an essential finding from the research that is e-business is not entirely virtual but it is related to the use of natural resources. Volker Tà ¼rk (2003), identified key factors influencing the ecological consequences of environmental ICTs and e-application. He identified them as â€Å"Monitoring the environmental impacts of ICT and e-business, greening the hardware, shifting to e-services, enabling transport efficiencies, raising awareness and changing habits, recognize and extent the (digital) responsibility, acknowledge the technologies limitations and risks, Improve sustainability and accountability along supply-chains. social responsibilities are different from social issues but closely linked (Galbreath 2009).   The society have expectations on the firm and these are social responsibilities. These responsibilities are related to factors. These are social issues. These factors can have an effect on the ability of the firm to meet objectives , and can also affect the social responsibilities. This view has been supported in the work of Galbreath (2009). ELABORATE HERE Galbreath (2009) states that ‘In this sense, these definitions help to describe what the â€Å"firm side† of the social contract (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1994, 1999) between business and society consists of. On one hand, the â€Å"formal† social contract defines a firms explicit responsibilities, including generating returns for shareholders, obeying laws and regulations, creating jobs, paying taxes, and honouring private contracts. On the other hand, the â€Å"semiformal† social contract reflects societys implicit expectations. Here, societys unspoken expectations of firms include responsibilities such as adherence to global labour and environmental standards (e.g. SA 8000, AA 1000, ISO 14031) that are not required by law, triple bottom-line reporting, following industry norms and codes of conduct, fulfilling brand promises and contributing philanthropically to the community. Scholars have looked at the social issues concept, mainly through the life-cycle approach (cited in Galbreath (2009), Lamertz et al., 2003). Although several definitions exist, a widely accepted definition in the life-cycle tradition describes social issues as: ‘Social problems that may exist objectively but become â€Å"issues† requiring managerial attention when they are defined as being problematic to society or an institution within society by a group of actors or stakeholders capable of influencing either governmental action or company policy (Mahon and Waddock, 1992, p. 20; emphasis added). Galbreath (2009) expressed this view. The definition implies that social problems exist at the societal level (but not necessarily at the organizational level)   and these problems are   elevated to the â€Å"status† of a social issue by the actions of various actors, including stakeholders. However, such a definition does not address how these social problems and issues might be an opportunity for the firm and thus, is problematic with respect to the concept of strategy. Galbreath (2001) cited that ‘some firms signal that CSR is a fundamental purpose mission of their existence. As part of its mission, The Body Shop makes cosmetics that do not hurt animals. Here, The Body Shop has addressed a social issue animal cruelty through the very core of their business: developing the highest quality, innovative, effective and safe cosmetic products. A bank with a heart The Mauritian bank, Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB) is involved in ‘Corporate Social Responsibility to serve the communities by not only by financing of projects but also to build and sustain schemes for social, environmental and economic welfare of the community. The MCB Group contributes 2% of its bok profits annually to the MCP Forward Foundation . This extract is from MCB Ltd,2010. Another example of Corporate Social Responsibility in a   Mauritian company is the IBL Children (Schumpeter, 1934; Nelson and Winter, 1982; Jacobson, 1992) economic growth can be attained through innovation.   (Schumpeter, 1934; Jacobson, 1992; Hill and Deeds, 1996; Chan Kim and Mauborgne, 2004)   presented the views below. Innovation can be an opportunity to meet social needs and deal with social issues instead of considering them as a threat. The knowledge acquired from the target markets, target customer needs and the unmet social needs and/or social issues directly from the market, can be used to explore the opportunity to reach new markets and gain competitive advantage. This can be done by introducing new customer offerings, developing new processes or creating new market segments. Gabreath , 2009 cited that Corporate managers admit that CSR is a vital reflection for motivating achievement. But they acknowledge to be under pressure to anticipate about the uncertainty of unmet social needs or social matters that will affect their business or how to develop strategies to cater for these problems (Galbreath, 2009) . Galbreath, 2009 said in his findings that much has been on paper to recommend that CSR is important for competitive success, but efforts have been prevalent on conceptual and theoretical advancements and empirical tests between CSR and firm accomplishment. Galbreath, 2009 came to the conclusion that this causes a breach regarding CSR and strategy. Galbreath, 2009 cited ‘If an assumption is made that CSR is important to competitiveness, and if strategy serves as a foundation for a business firms creation, while establishing its position in the market, its competitiveness and its on-going existence, then placing CSR within the context of strategy seems vital. Galbreath, 2009 first implication was that CSR should not be regarded only in terms of   the duties organizations have toward society or to whom they are accountable. Galbreath, 2009 cited that ‘Normatively postulating, for example, that firms have an economic responsibility to generate profits or a legal responsibility to obey appropriate laws or that firms have a responsibility to meet the needs of various stakeholder groups (and who those groups are) does not describe how they can do so in a strategic manner. Galbreath, 2009 suggested that to know CSR strategically, unmet social desires and social matters   and also the firms responsibilities toward society, these have to be considered individually. This is essential to tackle CSR more accurately within the underlying elements of strategy (Galbreath,2009). Galbreath, 2009 implies and questions ‘to what degree does CSR have to be built into strategy before it can be considered â€Å"strategic†? ‘ During its existence, the firm has to frequently face with   different opportunities and threats and decisions are made to deal with them (Galbreath, 2009). According to Galbreath, 2009 there are six-dimensions of strategy firm mission; strategic issues; markets; customer needs; resources; and competitive advantage. Galbreath, 2009 says that at any stage one facet of strategy of the six-dimensions might be more vital than others. In Galbreath, 2009 for some scholars ‘strategic CSR deals with contributing slack resources (profit spending) to the needs of society and community that are related to objectives and strategy of the organisation such as philanthropy, sponsorships and cause-related marketing (Mullen, 1997; Lantos, 2002; Porter and Kramer, 2002). Galbreath, 2009 observed that strategically, this is a limited view and is mainly related to the discretionary (philanthropic) component of Carrolls (1979) theory of CSR. Galbreath, 2009 demonstrated in his paper that CSR is not an organizational occurrence strategically limited to a restricted aspect within the organization. He states that while taking corporate responsibilities, unmet social desires and social matters into account, synergies develop that are essential for several dimensions of strategy.   In Galbreath, 2009 he stated an example;    ‘while the economic responsibility to produce profits constitutes part of the firms formal social contract, by exploring unmet social needs and social issues through strategy dimensions such as markets served, customer needs and resources required to compete, a firm not only can address social opportunities that generate profits (thereby meeting its economic responsibility to shareholders), but can offer societal benefits as well (Burke and Logsdon, 1996; Husted and Salazar, 2006). Galbreath (2009) found from his study that CSR cannot only be philanthropic or an obligation towards ethics, that is code of conduct; CSR can be carried out within six elements of corporate strategy,   adding up to good organisation practice,   profitable to the economy and to the wellbeing of society (Galbreath 2009). Galbreath 2009,   concluded that firms contribute economically to the society and profits making is a social responsibility (Carroll, 1979; Henderson, 2005). But in the present ambience, social matters are cropping up on firms to the extent that CSR seems to be the new battlefield for competitive achievement (Porter and Kramer, 2006 cited in Galbreath 2009). According to the guidelines, NEF, 2008 it can be extracted that the Government of Mauritius is mainly dealing with vulnerable groups as philanthropic activities to eradicate poverty rather than using CSR as an competive edge for the business. But for business perspectives in Mauritius, firms can deal with the CSR activities dealt as per the government program but at the same time build a strong long term competitive advantage by building good reputation for the company and at the same time deal with societal issues. Galbreath, 2009 concluded that if the statement is true then firms do not have to meet the interest of shareholders but also of society at large. Galbreath (2009) sated that â€Å" strategy takes on significant meaning not only with respect to fulfilling social responsibilities and the development of firms, but also with respect to the development and sustainability of society/nations (Raimond, 1996; Rodriguez et al., 2002).† Galbreath, (2009) made an interesting conclusion: companies who have a broader understanding of their social responsibilities and who starts to   investigate further on how they can build CSR into strategy at a more competitive edge in the future benefiting the shareholders and also the society at large. Galbrath (2009), to deal with CSR more strategically, the paper made an argument that organizations should consider six strategy dimensions: â€Å"firm mission†, â€Å" strategic issues†, â€Å"markets†, † customer needs†, â€Å" resources† and â€Å" competitive advantage.† Galbreath (2009) stated that strategy is about recognising matters that have an influence on a organisations capacity to attain its mission, so goods/services can be given to achieve markets needs providing through valuable resource construction to build and maintain competitive advantage. When CSR is thought about in these aspects it provides a way to methodically delve into means where social responsibilities can be constructed into strategy (Galbreath, 2009). If CSR is not done this way, companies  Ã‚   take the risk of defining CSR as â€Å"codes of ethics†, triple bottom line reports and public relations campaigns, (Galbreath 2009).Galbreath(2009) cited that â€Å"Such approaches are too limited, too defensive and are too disconnected from strategy. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011) , showed in the case study that there is elevated dedication from the four companies she studied to catty out CSR programs and company moral values. The companies attempt to deal with the triple bottom line issues,(Nur Diana Hidayati,2011).   Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), found in the case study that ‘ two consumer goods companies (Unilever Indonesia and Sari Husada) and one manufacturing company (Astra International) conduct CSR programs that are both related and unrelated to their core businesses while a mining company (Aneka Tambang) tends to conduct CSR programs that are unrelated to its core business. The other finding from the case study is that both programs related to CSR and not related to CSR are   ways for the companies to go for ‘sustainable development, Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), This leads to carry out a study in the Mauritian context of the competitive advantage placed while incorporating Corporate Social Responsibility as a strategic management in the business. Anonymous, nd from the Emerald Group Publishing stated that it is difficult to manage Corportae Social Responsibility issue if the firm you are running a firm of huge size. Senior management are more conscious that the firm is presumed to put forward some kind of advantages to the wider world, (Anonymous, nd). ‘newspaper articles, academic papers, the activities of their peers and the public all tell them so. ‘ Many executives of firms are anxious that their firm is not looked as making contributions morally to the society and   to the environment as their day to day activities then they can lose their reputation and customers, (anonymous, 2008). Lance Moir ‘the basic idea of corporate social responsibility is that business and society are interwoven rather than distinct entities. Business depends on society to run and it is using natural resources may be at the detriment of the environment. Though it is contributing to the economic development of the country or society, it has other duties to fulfil to contribute part of what it has gained during the business process   by providing Corporate Social Responsibility. Holmes (1976), in a study of executive attitudes to social responsibility, finds that the strongest response was that in addition to making a profit, business should help to solve social problems whether or not business helps to create those problems even if there is probably no short-run or long-run profit potential. This applies to the Mauritian context where the contribution is enforced by 2% contribution after profit although it is given as tax. But how far the business person is agreeable to this is to be studied through the research questionnaire. Proponents of CSR claim that it is in the enlightened self-interest of business to undertake various forms of CSR. The forms of business benefit that might accrue would include enhanced reputation and greater employee loyalty and retention. We can identify this approach in some of the current approaches by business. So, the introductory section of the recent report by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development on Corporate Social Responsibility (WBCSD, 1999) used phrases such as business benefits, could destroy shareholder value, control risks, identify market opportunities, improving reputation and maintaining public support. CSR Europes approach is that business benefits from being more socially responsible and that this can help to build sales, the workforce and trust in the company as a whole. The objective is to build sustainable growth for business in a responsible manner. Frederick (1994) identifies the development in the understanding of CSR up to 1970 as an examination of corporations obligation to work for social betterment and refers to this as CSR1. However, around 1970 he notes a move to corporate social responsiveness, which he calls CSR2. Frederick (1994), identifies corporate social responsiveness as the capacity of a corporation to respond to social pressures. (Moir L. 2001) In effect the move from CSR1 to CSR2 reflects a move from a philosophical approach to one that focuses on managerial action.    Lately, Frederick (1986) has developed this analysis to include a more ethical base to managerial decision taking in the form of corporate social rectitude and terms this CSR3. In this development, Frederick claims that the study of business and society needs an ethical anchor to permit a systematic critique of businesss impact upon human consciousness, human community and human continuity. Frederick (1986), asserts that whilst CSR1 was normative, it was hesitant and that CSR2 led to non-normative enquiry. Thus the requirement for a moral basis provides a normative foundation for managers to take decisions in the area of CSR. As part of a normative manifesto, he proposes that the The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1999) defines CSR as: â€Å"the ethical behavior of a company towards society . . . management acting responsibly in its relationships with other stakeholders who have a legitimate interest in the business, and CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.† Examples cited in Moir L, 2002 are from individual companies in the area of CSR reinforcing stakeholder analysis: Johnson Johnson: â€Å"the companys responsibilities to be fair and honest, trustworthy and respectful, in dealing with all our constituents (Johnson Johnson, 2000). Volkswagen (2000): â€Å"adopt a position which builds both shareholder value and workholder value in order to deliver sustainable growth for the future. Shell: â€Å"We all need to assess the impact our business makes on society and ensure that we balance the economic, environmental and social aspects of everything we do† (Moody-Stuart, 1999).   Apart from the triple bottom line, I think business should feel responsible and contribute to the social growth and go beyond the expectation of society   and integrate CSR in the way business is